ABSTRACT The landscape of surgical training is rapidly evolving with the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) and its integration into education and simulation. This manuscript aims to explore the potential applications and benefits of AI-assisted surgical training, particularly the use of large language models (LLMs), in enhancing communication, personalizing feedback, and promoting skill development. We discuss the advancements in simulation-based training, AI-driven assessment tools, video-based assessment systems, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) platforms, and the potential role of LLMs in the transcription, translation, and summarization of feedback. Despite the promising opportunities presented by AI integration, several challenges must be addressed, including accuracy and reliability, ethical and privacy concerns, bias in AI models, integration with existing training systems, and training and adoption of AI-assisted tools. By proactively addressing these challenges and harnessing the potential of AI, the future of surgical training may be reshaped to provide a more comprehensive, safe, and effective learning experience for trainees, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes. .

RESUMO O cenário do treinamento cirúrgico está evoluindo rapidamente com o surgimento da inteligência artificial (IA) e sua integração na educação e simulação. Este artigo explora as aplicações e benefícios potenciais do treinamento cirúrgico assistido por IA, em particular o uso de modelos de linguagem avançados (MLAs), para aprimorar a comunicação, personalizar o feedback e promover o desenvolvimento de habilidades. Discutimos os avanços no treinamento baseado em simulação, ferramentas de avaliação impulsionadas por IA, sistemas de avaliação baseados em vídeo, plataformas de realidade virtual (RV) e realidade aumentada (RA), e o papel potencial dos MLAs na transcrição, tradução e resumo do feedback. Apesar das oportunidades promissoras apresentadas pela integração da IA, vários desafios devem ser abordados, incluindo precisão e confiabilidade, preocupações éticas e de privacidade, viés nos modelos de IA, integração com os sistemas de treinamento existentes, e treinamento e adoção de ferramentas assistidas por IA. Ao abordar proativamente esses desafios e aproveitar o potencial da IA, o futuro do treinamento cirúrgico pode ser remodelado para proporcionar uma experiência de aprendizado mais abrangente, segura e eficaz para os aprendizes, resultando em melhores resultados para os pacientes.

Abstract Introduction: Vitamin D is involved in bone-mineral metabolism, diabetes mellitus, immunological diseases, tumor processes, cardiovascular system, anemia, etc. Aims: To evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency- deficiency and its associated risk factors in hemodialysis patients. Results: Only 5.88% of patients presented normal levels. 94.14% of patients had levels below 30 ng/ml (mean 9.64 ng/ml). In this last group, patients were older, less exposed to the sun and used sun protection. A greater presence of women was found, taking less vitamin D or VD enriched foods and fewer statins. Between them, three patients had insufficient weight. The two black patients had levels < 10 ng/ml. In our geographical situation [Latitude: 41° 09’22”N], in winter, vitamin D skin-synthesis is scarce. Only 14.12% of patients took any vitamin D supplementation. Only one variable was statistically significant (human race). We must consider that it can be attributed to our limited sample size. Conclusions: 94.14% of patients have low vitamin D levels and pharmacological supplementation seems necessary.

Resumen Introducción: La vitamina D interviene en el metabolismo óseo-mineral, la diabetes mellitus, enfermedades inmunológicas, procesos tumorales, el sistema cardiovascular, anemia, etc. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de insuficiencia-deficiencia de vitamina D y los factores de riesgo asociados en pacientes en hemodiálisis en Reus. Material y Método: Realizamos en abril de 2017 la determinación de los niveles sanguíneos, una entrevista oral sobre hábitos estables de adquisición de vitamina D y se extrajeron de la historia clínica enfermedades relacionadas, tratamientos e IMC. Resultados: Solo el 5,88% de los pacientes presentaban niveles normales. El 94,14% presentaron niveles inferiores a 30 ng/ml (promedio 9,64 ng/ml). En este grupo los pacientes resultaron de mayor edad, se exponen menos al sol, utilizan protección solar, hay mayor presencia de mujeres, toman menos alimentos enriquecidos o ricos en vitamina D y menos estatinas. Entre ellos se encuentran los tres pacientes con peso insuficiente. Los dos pacientes de raza negra tenían niveles < 10 ng/ml. En nuestra situación geográfica, Latitud: 41°09’22’’ N, en invierno la fotobiosíntesis de vitamina D es escasa. Solo el 14,12% de los pacientes tienen prescrito alguna suplementación de vitamina D. Sólo una variable fue estadísticamente significativa (raza) lo que puede atribuirse al tamaño limitado de la muestra. Conclusiones: El 94,14% de los pacientes tienen niveles bajos vitamina D y parece necesaria su suplementación farmacológica si queremos normalizarlos.

Bahia Salado, located in northern Chile (27°41' S, 70°59'W), is the southernmost foraging ground for the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO). To date, almost no information exists on its current status, nor on its connectivity with nesting rookeries in the EPO. This study aims to inform on the genetic characterization, health and ecology of Bahia Salado's green turtle aggregation in order to provide baseline information for local conservation strategies. We describe population structure and residency times using mark-recapture method. We also examine health parameters (body condition index, blood profile and blood copper-Cu and lead-Pb concentrations) and regional connectivity through genetic analyses. Our results indicate that this aggregation is composed exclusively of juveniles, with residency times varying between five to sixteen months. Turtles exhibited a very good body condition; however they showed the highest blood concentrations of Cu and Pb described for C. mydas and for almost all sea turtle species. Some biochemistry parameters (albumin, calcium, phosphorus, AST, triglycerides and creatinine) are also the highest ever reported for this species in the region. Analysis of the 770 bp (base pairs) control region of the mitochondrial DNA revealed four haplotypes, suggesting a strong genetic connectivity to the Galapagos rookery. Our study indicates that Bahia Salado's aggregation represents a developmental foraging ground, where juvenile green turtles thrive. Although Bahia Salado's ecosystem seems to be a very suitable habitat for the species, the high levels of Cu and Pb, together with elevated AST, demand further research on the negative impacts of heavy metals on this aggregation. Our results highlight the importance to protect this bay from anthropological activities, evaluate pollution sources and other local threats to this particular coastal ecosystem. We recommend year-round monitoring of the green turtle aggregation and other components of this ecosystem, incorporating participation of local seaweed collectors and the fishing community.

The hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata; Critically Endangered) has a circumtropical distribution. In Polynesia it inhabits the waters of a great number of islands; however, up to date there are no official records for Easter Island. We document the first report of E. imbricata in Easter Island and Chile based on underwater photographs and examination of one individual. The confirmation of the presence of hawksbills extends the known distribution range for the species, increases the number of sea turtle species recorded for Chile, and highlights the need for further research on potential threats to the species and the importance of Rapa Nui as developmental and foraging habitat for hawksbills.

We aim to determine the prevalence of self prescribing behaviour during pregnancy and its characteristics. For this purpose, we designed a cross sectional study and interviewed 400 pregnant women who had their prenatal care at Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima. We found that 10.5% of the patients (42 patients) had a self prescribing behavior during pregnancy, 64.5% think that self prescribing behavior can produce congenital malformations. The medications used were classified as type A and B according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Paracetamol was used more frequently (47.6%) followed by amoxicillin (16.7%). All the women who self-prescribed have had this behavior before pregnancy. According to these results, we conclude there is a low prevalence of self-prescribing behavior during pregnancy compared to the international literature.

Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de automedicación en gestantes y sus características, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se entrevistó a 400 gestantes que acudían a control prenatal en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal de Lima. El 10,5% (42 pacientes) se automedicó durante la gestación, el 64,6% opinó que la automedicación puede producir malformaciones congénitas a sus bebes. Los medicamentos consumidos por las gestantes estuvieron en categoría A y B de la clasificación de la Administración de Alimentos y Drogas de EUA (FDA); principalmente, consumieron paracetamol (47,6%) y amoxicilina (16,7%). Todas las mujeres que se automedicaron durante la gestación lo habían hecho antes de estar embarazadas. De acuerdo con estos resultados concluimos que la prevalencia de automedicación en gestantes del estudio es baja, comparado con la literatura internacional.

We aim to determine the prevalence of self prescribing behaviour during pregnancy and its characteristics. For this purpose, we designed a cross sectional study and interviewed 400 pregnant women who had their prenatal care at Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima. We found that 10.5% of the patients (42 patients) had a self prescribing behavior during pregnancy, 64.5% think that self prescribing behavior can produce congenital malformations. The medications used were classified as type A and B according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Paracetamol was used more frequently (47.6%) followed by amoxicillin (16.7%). All the women who self-prescribed have had this behavior before pregnancy. According to these results, we conclude there is a low prevalence of self-prescribing behavior during pregnancy compared to the international literature

Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de automedicación en gestantes y sus características, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se entrevistó a 400 gestantes que acudían a control prenatal en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal de Lima. El 10,5% (42 pacientes) se automedicó durante la gestación, el 64,6% opinó que la automedicación puede producir malformaciones congénitas a sus bebes. Los medicamentos consumidos por las gestantes estuvieron en categoría A y B de la clasificación de la Administración de Alimentos y Drogas de EUA (FDA); principalmente, consumieron paracetamol (47,6%) y amoxicilina (16,7%). Todas las mujeres que se automedicaron durante la gestación lo habían hecho antes de estar embarazadas. De acuerdo con estos resultados concluimos que la prevalencia de automedicación en gestantes del estudio es baja, comparado con la literatura internacional

Cloacal exstrophy and Gollop-Wolfgang complex are very rare pathologies and their association has been reported in only one patient. We present a case of a newborn of indeterminate sex with anomalies of the lower limbs, and an anterior abdominal wall defect. External genitalia were not observed, ectrodactyly of lower limbs, omphalocele, lipomeningocele and imperforate anus were detected. During the diagnostic and therapeutic surgery other anomalies were found, such as vesical exstrophy, cecal fistula, uterine duplication, vaginal agenesis, urethral agenesis, ectopic ureters, stenosis of the left ureter, biphid clitoris and patent urachus. The abdominal ecography showed ectopic right lower quadrant localization of right kidney. Radiographic images of lower limbs showed bifurcation of left femur and absent tibia in both limbs. Due to the findings a diagnosis of cloacal exstrophy and Gollop- Wolfgang complex was made. The patient developed sepsis, liver failure, metabolic acidosis and hyponatremia, she died at seven weeks of age.

La extrofia cloacal y el complejo de Gollop-Wolfgang son patologías muy raras y su asociación ha sido comunicada en un solo paciente. Presentamos el caso de un neonato, de sexo indeterminado, con anormalidades de miembros inferiores y defecto en la pared abdominopélvica anterior. No se observan genitales, presenta ectrodactilia en miembros inferiores, onfalocele, lipomeningocele y ano imperforado. Se realiza cirugía diagnóstica y terapéutica que revela extrofia vesical, fístula cecal, útero doble, agenesia de vagina, agenesia de uretra, uréteres mal implantados, estenosis de uréter izquierdo, clítoris bífido y uraco persistente. La ecografía abdominal mostró riñón derecho ectópico en fosa ilíaca derecha. Radiografías de los miembros inferiores mostraron bifurcación del fémur izquierdo y ausencia de tibia en ambos miembros. Debido a los hallazgos se llega al diagnóstico de extrofia cloacal y complejo de Gollop-Wolfgang. La paciente presentó sepsis, insuficiencia hepática, acidosis metabólica e hiponatremia; falleció a las siete semanas de edad.